Cortisol, the main stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a key role in our body's response to stress. When we discuss cortisol levels, we're referring to the concentration of this hormone in the bloodstream, which can reflect an individual's stress levels. While it's normal for everyone to experience elevated cortisol at some stage in their lives, consistently high levels may signal an underlying health issue. One notable effect of elevated cortisol is facial swelling, commonly referred to as "cortisol face."
What leads to elevated cortisol levels?
There are various factors that can contribute to high cortisol levels, but chronic emotional or physical stress is the most prevalent cause. Stressful experiences activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which plays a vital role in the body's ability to manage stress, triggering the release of cortisol. While excessive cortisol can lead to Cushing's syndrome, this condition is relatively rare and usually occurs in individuals who have been on long-term steroid treatments.
Dr. Petra Algenstaedt, the medical director at UKE Hamburg, explains, "As a hormone specialist, I frequently see individuals seeking advice about weight gain and metabolic changes, wondering if hormonal imbalances are to blame. Another factor could be an increase in cortisol production from the adrenal glands or an overproduction of ACTH, the hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates cortisol production in the adrenal glands."
What is cortisol face?
"High cortisol levels can result in added fat accumulation in the cheeks, altering the shape of the face. Dr. Algenstaedt notes that this increased fat can also create a thicker appearance in the shoulders and neck."
Cortisol is closely associated with overall well-being and health. Persistently elevated cortisol levels can lead to weight gain, particularly in the face and around the abdomen.
In addition to altering the shape of the face, cortisol can also impact skin structure. "The skin may become thinner, and small hemorrhages can frequently appear beneath the surface," explains Dr. Algenstaedt. "This can also result in irregularities in the menstrual cycle, as well as mood swings and psychological changes."
She notes that prolonged overproduction of cortisol can significantly elevate the risk of developing diabetes and osteoporosis, particularly among menopausal women, who are at an increased risk.
How to reduce cortisol levels
If you're worried about your cortisol levels, it's important to consult a doctor to identify the underlying cause and rule out any potential health issues. If "cortisol face" stems from excessive stress, implementing basic stress management techniques can be beneficial. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, and ensuring adequate sleep are essential for managing stress and reducing the cortisol levels associated with it.